1..INTRODUCTION TO CELL PHONES
1.1.HOW IT WAS INVENTED?
Ø
Launch
year 1973
Ø Available Worldwide
A mobile phone (also called mobile,
cellular phone, cell phone or hand-phone is an electronic
device used for full duplex two-way radio telecommunications over a cellular
network of base stations known as cell sites
A mobile phone allows its user to make and
receive telephone calls to and from the public telephone network
which includes other mobiles and fixed line
phones across the world. It does this by connecting to a cellular
network owned by a mobile network operator. A key feature of
the cellular network is that it enables seamless telephone calls even when the
user is moving around wide areas via a process known as handoff
or handover.
Modern mobile phones also support
many additional services, and accessories, such as SMS (or text)
messages, email,
Internet
access, gaming, Bluetooth, infrared, camera, MMS messaging, MP3 player,
radio
and GPS.
Low-end mobile phones are often referred to as feature
phones, whereas high-end mobile phones that offer more advanced computing
ability are referred to as smart-phones.
The first handheld cellular phone was
demonstrated by Martin Cooper of Motorola
in 1973, using a handset weighing in at two kilos.
By the end of 2009, only 20 years
later, the number of mobile cellular subscriptions worldwide reached
approximately 4.6 billion, 370 times the 1990 number, penetrating the developing
economies and reaching the bottom of the economic pyramid.
An evolution of mobile phones
The first mobile telephone call made
from a car occurred in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
on June 17, 1946, but the system was impractical from what is considered a
portable handset today
In 1960, the world’s first partly automatic
car phone system, Mobile System A (MTA), was launched in Sweden
Martin Cooper, a Motorola
researcher and executive is considered to be the inventor of the first
practical mobile phone for hand-held
use in a non-vehicle setting, after a long race against Bell Labs
for the first portable mobile phone. Using a modern, if somewhat heavy portable
handset, Cooper made the first call on a hand-held mobile phone on April 3,
1973 to his rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel of Bell Labs.
The common components found on
all phones are:
Ø
a
rechargeable battery providing the power source for the phone functions
Ø
an
input mechanism and display to allow the user to interact with the phone. The
most common input mechanism is a keypad, but touch screens are also found in some high end smart phones.
Ø
basic
mobile phone
services to allow users to make calls and send text messages.
Ø
All
GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped
among devices. Some CDMA
devices also have a similar card called a R-UIM.
Ø
Individual
GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite phone devices are uniquely identified by an
International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI) number.
Other features that may be found on
mobile phones include GPS navigation, music (MP3) and video (MP4) playback, RDS
radio
receiver, alarms,
memo
recording, personal digital assistant functions,
ability to watch streaming video, video download, video calling,
built-in
cameras (1.0+ Mpx)
and camcorders
(video recording), with autofocus and flash, ringtones,
games, PTT,
memory card reader (SD), USB (2.0), dual line
support, infrared,
Bluetooth
(2.0) and WiFi
connectivity, instant
messaging, Internet e-mail and browsing and serving as a wireless
modem.
1.2.2 SOFTWARE AND APPLICATION
A
touch-screen
feature
The most commonly used
data application on mobile phones is SMS text messaging. The first SMS text
message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK , while the first person-to-person SMS from
phone to phone was sent in Finland
The first mobile news
service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland
Mobile phones generally obtain
power from rechargeable batteries. There are a variety of ways
used to charge cell phones, including USB, portable batteries, mains power
(using an AC adapter),
cigarette lighters (using an adapter),
or a dynamo.
In 2009, wireless charging became a reality, and the first wireless charger was
released for consumer use.
Formerly, the most
common form of mobile phone batteries were nickel metal-hydride.
1.2.3 SIM CARD
Typical
SIM card
A SIM card contains
its unique serial number, internationally unique number of the mobile user (IMSI), security
authentication and ciphering information, temporary information related to the
local network, a list of the services the user has access to and two passwords
(PIN for usual use and PUK for unlocking).
Ø The first SIM card was
made in 1991 by Munich
Ø A similar module
called a Removable User Identity Module
is present in some CDMA networks, notably in China
1.2.4 MOTOLORA’S PORTABLE CELLULAR CONCEPT
When
Motorola engineers began researching cellular technology, they soon recognized
its potential. But their vision went far beyond car-based phone technology.
Creating the first wireless portable cell phone in the world was an enormous
challenge. No one had ever seen one before, so there was nothing to compare it
to. A three-dimensional model needed to be built within days in order to have a
working prototype for the FCC meeting in six weeks.
Achieving A World First
On September 21, 1983,
Motorola made history when the FCC approved the DynaTAC 8000X phone, the
world's first commercial portable cell phone. After more than 10 years and a
US$100 million investment, Motorola's commitment produced an innovative
portable technology that revolutionized the communications industry and changed
the lives of people around the world.
I. The Importance of Cell Phones In Modern
Society
Ø Cell phones have become a necessity for many people throughout the world.
The ability to keep in touch with family, business associates, and access to
email are only a few of the reasons for the increasing importance of cell
phones. Today's technically advanced cell phones are capable of not only
receiving and placing phone calls, but storing data, taking pictures, and can
even be used as walkie talkies, to name just a few of the available options.
Ø When cell phones were first introduced to the public, they were
bulky, expensive, and some even required a base unit that had to be transported
along with the phone. Good reception was a major problem and in general, early
cell phones could only be used in certain locations were the signal was
particularly strong. As cell phone technology advanced, the difficult in using
them became less of a problem. Today, cell phone reception has improved greatly
due to the use of satellites and wireless services.
Ø Cell phone manufacturers have produced a wide range of cell phones,
which sell for prices that range from very inexpensive to over one thousand
dollars. Over the past decade, the increasing importance of cell phones has
made them almost a necessity for most people.
Ø The importance of cell phones has increased the competition in the
wireless service provider industry, making cell phones very affordable and very
easy to use. Cell phones have become almost a status symbol in addition to the
convenience and security that comes from owning them.
1.3 PRESENT STATUS IN THE SOCIETY
Future evolution: Broadband
Fourth generation (4G)
The recently released
4th generation, also known as Beyond
3G, aims to provide broadband wireless access with nominal
data rates of 100 Mbit/s to fast moving devices, and 1 Gbit/s to
stationary devices, ITU ratified standards-based 4G networks are not expected
to be commercially launched until 2011.
The world's largest
individual mobile operator is China Mobile
with over 500 million mobile phone subscribers. The world's largest mobile
operator group by subscribers is UK
2.
APPROPRIATE UTILISATION OF CELL PHONES
2.1 WHEN AND HOW IT MUST BE USED?
Usage
Ø Mobile phones are used
for keeping in touch with family members
Ø conducting business
Ø Having access to a
telephone in the event of an emergency.
Ø Some people carry more
than one each for business and for personal use.
Ø Multiple SIM cards may
also be used to take advantage of the benefits of different calling plans
Ø A study by Motorola
found that one in ten cell phone subscribers have a second phone that often is
kept secret from other family members.
2.2 RESTRICTION ON USAGE
There exists a
community that believes mobile phone use represents a long-term health risk.
Certain countries, including France
Use While Driving
Mobile phone use while
driving is common but controversial. Being distracted while operating a motor
vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accident. Because of this, many
jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. Egypt , Israel ,
Japan , Portugal and Singapore
Schools
Some schools limit or
restrict the use of mobile phones. Schools set restrictions on the use of
mobile phones because of the use of cell phones for cheating on tests, harassment
and bullying,and other social activity in school. Many mobile phones are banned
in school locker room facilities, public restrooms and swimming pools due to the
built-in cameras that most phones now feature.
3.
DISEASES AND ILL-EFFECTS LEADING TO DEATH DUE TO
CELL
PHONES
3.1 Cell Phones and Cancer Risk
Ø
Cell
phones emit radiofrequency (RF) energy, which is another name for radio waves
Ø
Research
suggests that the amount of RF energy produced by cell phones is too low to
cause significant tissue heating or an increase in body temperature
Ø
Concerns
have been raised that RF energy from cell phones may pose a cancer
risk to users
Ø
Researchers
are studying tumors
of the brain and central
nervous system and other sites of the head and neck because cell
phones are typically held next to the head when used
Ø
Research
studies have not shown a consistent link between cell phone use and cancer. A
large international study (Interphone) published in 2010 found that, overall,
cell phone users have no increased risk for two of the most common types of brain tumor—glioma
and meningioma.
For the small proportion of study participants who reported spending the most
total time on cell phone calls there was some increased risk of glioma, but the
researchers considered this finding inconclusive or not a hands-free device is
used.
.
3.2 Mobile phone radiation and health
A
Greenfield-type tower used in base stations for mobile telephony
The effect mobile phone
radiation has on human health is the subject of recent interest and study, as a
result of the enormous increase in mobile phone usage throughout the world.
The World Health Organization, based upon the
consensus view of the scientific and medical communities, has stated that
cancer is unlikely to be caused by cellular phones or their base stations and
that reviews have found no convincing evidence for other health effects.
3.2.1 Thermal effects
In the case of a
person using a cell phone, most of the heating effect will occur at the surface
of the head, causing its temperature to increase by a fraction of a
degree. In this case, the level of temperature increase is an order of
magnitude less than that obtained during the exposure of the head to direct
sunlight. The brain's blood circulation is capable of disposing of
excess heat by increasing local blood flow.
3.2.2 Non-thermal effects
The communications
protocols used by mobile phones often result in low-frequency pulsing of the
carrier signal. Whether these modulations have biological significance has been
subject to debate.
3.2.3 Blood-brain barrier effects
Swedish researchers
from Lund University
have studied the effects of microwave radiation on the rat brain. They
found a leakage of albumin into the brain via a permeated blood-brain barrier.
3.2.4 Cancer
In 2006 a large Danish
study about the connection between mobile phone use and cancer incidence was
published. It followed over 420,000 Danish citizens for 20 years and showed no
increased risk of cancer. The German Federal Office for Radiation Protection
(BfS) considers this report inconclusive.
In 2007, Dr. Lennart
Hardell, from Örebro University in Sweden
Ø
Cell
phone users had an increased risk of malignant gliomas.
Ø
Link
between cell phone use and a higher rate of acoustic neuromas.
Ø
Tumors
are more likely to occur on the side of the head that the cell handset is used.
Ø
One
hour of cell phone use per day significantly increases tumor risk after ten
years or more.
3.2.5 Cognitive effects
A 2009 study examined
the effects of exposure to radiofrequency radiation (RFR) emitted by standard
GSM cell phones on the cognitive functions of humans. The study confirmed
longer (slower) response times to a spatial working memory task when exposed to
RFR from a standard GSM cellular phone placed next to the head of male
subjects, and showed that longer duration of exposure to RFR may increase the
effects on performance.
3.3 Electromagnetic hypersensitivity
Some users of mobile
handsets have reported feeling several unspecific symptoms
during and after its use; ranging from burning and tingling sensations in the skin of the head and
extremities, fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness,
loss of mental attention, reaction times and memory
retentiveness, headaches,
malaise,
tachycardia
(heart
palpitations), to disturbances of the digestive
system. Reports have noted that all of these symptoms can also be attributed to stress and that current research cannot
separate the symptoms from nocebo effects.
3.3.1 Sleep and EEG Effects
Sleep, EEG and waking CBF(cerebral blood flow) have been studied in
relation to RF exposure for a decade now, and the majority of papers published
to date have found some form of effect.
3.3.2 Health hazards of base stations
Another area of
concern is the radiation emitted by the fixed infrastructure used in mobile
telephony, such as base stations and their antennas, which provide
the link to and from mobile phones. This is because, in contrast to mobile
handsets, it is emitted continuously and is more powerful at close quarters
3.3.3 Occupational health hazards
Telecommunication
workers who spend time at a short distance from the active equipment, for the
purposes of testing, maintenance, installation, etcetera, may be at risk of
much greater exposure than the general population.
3.3.4 Safety standards and licensing
In order to protect
the population living around base stations and users of mobile handsets,
governments and regulatory bodies adopt safety standards, which translate to
limits on exposure levels below a certain value. Radio base licensing
procedures have been established in the majority of urban spaces regulated
either at municipal/county, provincial/state or national level.
4.ADVANTAGES
AND DISADVANTAGES OF CELL PHONES
Cell phones and business
4.1..ADVANTAGES
Cell phones are
becoming very popular for today’s business person.No longer is it necessary for
the salesperson to go back to place an order into the computer,now it can be
done by plugging his or her laptop computer into the portable cell phone in the
car.Clients waiting for the late salesperson can now be told from the traffic
jam or the broken-down vehicle by that person using A cellphone.The doctor is
never too far away from a phone wiith the convenience of the cellphone.
Cell phones are
becoming an integral part of today’s business world.Local delivery truck
drivers are equipped with cellphones to maintain close contact with the company
in case of pick-up or delivery changes while on the road.
4.1.2 Neighborhood Crime Watch
In Dade County
Florida, a nine month study in 11 neighborhoods showed a tremendous decrease in
burglaries, robberies and thefts. This decrease was due to the use of cellular
telephones by the neighborhood crime watch groups.
Some Cellular phone
companies are now donating or lending cellular phones to neighborhood crime
watch groups.This is not only a good way to promote sales of the product, but a
way to show what a valuable asset the phone can be in many situations.
4.1.3
Emergencies
Emergency calls placed
on cellular phones are rising rapidly. People are reporting drunk drivers and
staying a safe distance behind them to lead the police to the exact location.
Before I had a cell phone, I stopped to help at an accident scene and was
informed that another motorist already summoned help on his cellular phone.
The Virginia State
Police reported 100 calls to 911 in a single day back in June of 1997. These
calls consisted of reports of traffic accidents, drunken drivers, vehicle and
brush fires, and some crimes in progress. The Richmond Times Dispatch,
December 1,1997 reported that a woman involved in a car accident was
hanging upside down in her car by her seatbelt. Being in that position, she
could not reach her cell phone to call for help. Fortunately for her, two men
showed up at the scene with cell phones and summoned help.
Police departments across the country welcome
the calls because accurate reports are made of the situation due to the fact
the person reporting it, is usually still on the scene.
A cell phone should be
a must for any person that drives long distances from home during the day and
especially at night. No one should be walking along an interstate highway
seeking help, when help could be a phone call away from the safety of your
vehicle.
4.2 DISADVANTAGES
Some people are claiming hat use
of cellular
4.2.1 Cancer Risk
Some people are
claiming that the use of cellular phones are causing brain tumors.The Denver
Post October 2,1995 reported that Debra wright who worked for a cellular phone
company in Phoenix had developed a brain tumor near her left ear from the
hand-held model cellphone she used for over 6 years.A woman in st.Petersburg Florida
died from brain cancer,which her husband claimed was from the use of her
cellphone.the case was dismissed in court from the lack of scientific evidence.
Cellular phone
manufacturers and carriers have created an independent research group called
the Scientific Advisory Group.The industry has given the group five years and
$25 million to find if brain tumors,cancer,or any other health hazards exist
from the use of cellphones.
4.2.2 Cell Towers
|
|
|
Cell towers tome are
the disadvantage of the cellular telephone systemconcerning the affect on the
beauty and health of its surrounding area.the towers come in all shapes and
sizes.The towers have to be a set distance from one another to maintain clear
and reliable service.
Mountain tops across
the country are being invaded by these towers reaching heights of 250 feet.More
than 13 acres of Sandia Crest,a mountintop in New Mexico’s Cibola National Forest is covered w+ith over 65
steel tow+ers.
An estimate by
communications experts says over 120,000 more antennas w+ill be built in the
future to provide complete telephone coverage.All these antennas in remote
areas have an adverse affect on the environment due to the destruction of trees
for the building of roads to reach these secluded areas.
4.2.3
Accidents
Police departments
across the country are reporting huge increases in traffic accidents due to the
use of cellular phones.The Boston Globe January 8, 1998 stated that Dr. Ricardo
Martinez said, "As cars more and more become an extension of the home and
office, we are creating a whole new array of potentially hazardous
distractions." Some accidents were caused by using a laptop computer while
driving. The strange thing is that most of these accidents did not occur
while the person was dialing the phone. The accidents happened due to the lack
of attention to driving while talking on the phone. Also most people using the
phone at the time of impact were driving the striking vehicle.
The National Highway
Traffic Safety Administration reported that using a cell phone while driving
increased the motorists risk of an accident. Also the agency estimated that the
current number of cellular phones at 54 million could double by the year 2000.
4.2.4 Tidbits
A report in The
Canberra Times, February 25, 1998 says that 1 in 8 mobile users reported a road
accident involving others; 1 in 16 reported a medical emergency, including
heart attacks; 1 in 100 had reported a psychiatric crisis.
ADVANTAGES
& DISADVANTAGES
It is for a fact that having a mobile phone now a days is a sort of
a necessity and it is an inevitable truth that mobile industry is taking
everyone by a storm. From the very basic thing of making a call to texting, and
now internet access for just a touch of your finger tips..
First here are some advantages of having it:
Ø It keeps you in constant contact with people you consider important
Ø It can help you seek help immediately during emergency cases
Ø Its a sense of being financially uplifted. .
Ø Through mobile phones you can lessen your boredom, example listen to
your favorite music and as well as watching movies through downloading.
It can take photos
It can take photos
Ø Mobile phones also gives us easier access on the internet
Ø You can carry it anywhere
Ø It has a lot of useful function like calendar, making notes, alarm
clock, timer and calculator.
No doubt, our mobile phones makes our life more convenient, but as
the saying goes every technology has it's equal negative side and mobile phones
are not so especial to be exempted. Here are some disadvantages of having it:
Ø Expensive
Ø People spend less time bonding with there family and friends
Ø People just contact through phone and became too lazy meeting
outside
Ø Disturb us on our works and studies
Ø People spend lots and lots of money buying the latest model
Ø Affects our body because of radiation it produces
Ø Easily broken
5.SUGGESTIONS
5.1 The
Impact of Cell in Schools
Ø Most school administrations regard cell phone use as disruptive and
distracting, implemented policies that prohibits using them on school grounds.
Ø Cell phones are a disruption in school.
Ø Text messaging can be used to cheat on tests.
Ø Students who are text messaging are not able to give full attention
to the lesson
Ø Students do not need cell phones during school hours
Ø Many schools now have telephones in the classroom, if it really is
an emergency students are easily contacted.
5.2 Faculty concern over cell phone usage
Ø Bowling Green High School
Ø The school is allowing students to brown bag their cell phones and
MP3 players and use them during their 30-minute lunch period.
Ø There was also concern when the idea was proposed that students
eating lunch would send texts to other students still in class.
Ø It's encouraging that these possible problems haven't materialized
and that is certainly a credit to the students.
Ø This proposal is a win-win situation for everyone.
5.3How to Monitor a Teen's Cell
Phone Use
5.3.1 Monitor a Teen's Cell Phone
Use
Ø Trust between parents
and teenagers is a delicate balancing act. They want freedom; parents want
safety. With cell phones now offering Internet
access, text messaging and email in addition to acutal phone use, teens have
even more options to express themselves.
Ø Parents have even more
reason for concern. Somewhere between forbidding them to have a cell phone and
giving them unmonitored access are safe
Ø Trust between parents
and teenagers is a delicate balancing act.
Ø Have the conversation
with your teen before saying no to a cell phone
Ø If your teen wants
certain features on a phone, expect that he can give you clear and logical
reasons. Try to stay focused on priorities
Ø Be very clear on the
boundaries that you feel are reasonable.
Ø When your cell phone
bill comes due, take the time to evaluate your teen's use.
Ø There is clearly the
debate of trust verses safety in monitoring a teenager's cell phone.
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